It was also unknown how much cross-reactivity there was between antibodies elicited to prior HCoV infections against SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV outbreak in 2003 was largely contained and MERS-CoV is not well adapted for ongoing human to human transmission.Īt the start of the COVID-19 pandemic we lacked detailed knowledge of serological reactivity to HCoVs in the human population. Two other beta-CoVs have also infected humans: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). These are the alpha-CoVs HCoV-229E (229E) and HCoV-NL63 (NL63), and the beta-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 (HKU1) and HCoV-OC43 (OC43). Four CoVs circulate continuously in humans (HCoVs), are distributed globally, and generally cause common cold or influenza-like illness. Ĭoronaviruses (CoVs) more generally are separated into four phylogenetic clades: alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV. ![]() The World Bank estimates that between 119 and 124 million people were pushed into extreme poverty by impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 alone. On March 11, 2020, the outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and at the time of writing there have been over 206 million confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and 4.3 million deaths attributed to the virus globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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